Final Exam Study Guide

1. Explain how to get to the server drives and your folder.
 You go to "my computer", then click on "server drives" and click on the T:drive, photojournalism, your class period, and then find your name.

2. Explain how we use blogger.com in this class
We use it to do our work and it helps us learn.

3. Explain the process of creating a pinhole camera
First you get oat meal can that is empty, second put black paper all inside of it, third cut a square close to the middle about the same size of  your finger, fifth cut a piece of foil paper a bit bigger than the square and tape it with black tape, sixth cover the top with black paper or tape to make sure that there's no light going into the pinhole, seventh make a small hole on the aluminum paper, eight put a piece of paper and a piece of tape so that way you can open and close it when your going to take your picture.

4. Explain how the pinhole camera works and how the image is transferred to the paper inside
Once you open the flap that had tape the light goes in and reflects onto the paper, but you have to make sure to open it for the exact amount of time so that your picture will come out good.

5. Know how to define and explain the 10 rules of composition, these 10 rules will be a MAJOR portion of the final and you better know how to recognize these rules, explain these rules and show me you understand them:

Rule of thirds: main object is not in the middle of the picture; imagining the picture is divided into three parts vertically and horizontally

Balancing Elements: arrangements of shapes, colors or areas of light and dark that complement one another so that the picture looks well balanced and not lopsided.

Leading Lines: repetitive lines draw viewers attention to center of interest; provide a way into the picture for the eyes to follow to the main subject; creates dynamics

Symmetry and Patterns (repetition): When there is patters and symmetry that is man-made and it catches peoples eyes.

Viewpoint: Think about where you will take the picture from it may add or take the affect from the picture.

Background/simplicity: The background is clear and you can clearly see what the main object is.

Create depth: You can see that the object isn't two dimensional

Framing: When natural things make a frame along the picture.

Cropping: cutting parts of the picture off to focus more on the subject

Mergers and avoiding them: part of a persons body is cut off from the picture
6. Explain how action and emotion impact a photograph
I think that action and emotion can make a picture more interesting but it can also mess it up if it comes out with blurs.
7. Explain how a photo can "tell a story"
A picture can tell a story by the way it looks and if there's people you can tell by their face expressions.
8. Explain what the word "multimedia" means and share some examples of how we have seen them in class (on the blog)
Multimedia is used to advertise peoples products so that other people will buy something using models which are fixed by photo shop. An example is the one blog that we did on the model that was used to advertise.
9. Know how to correctly write a caption. I HIGHLY suggest you rewrite the rules on your blog and find at least 2 photos on the Internet, post them on your blog and write correct captions for them. This will be a MAJOR portion of the exam as well.

10. Explain how "strong action" verbs enhance a caption

11. Explain how ethics come into play in regards to photojournalism and compare and contrast this with fashion photography. You really need to get the idea that changing photos to fit a need or to make something

look like something else is VERY unacceptable in photojournalism.

12. Explain the difference between a portrait and a self portrait.

13. Explain what characteristics of a good portrait are.

14. Explain what the major differences are between newspaper and yearbook.

Definitions you are responsible for (I highly recommend you post these on your blog with the definitions and make sure they are correct, many of the ones you posted on your blog previously were INCORRECT. All definitions need to relate directly to photojournalism. Example: many of you defined burning as "pain that feels hot as if it were on fire" , when the correct answer is "burning- increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker."):

Aperture: an opening; as a hole; slit
Shutter: a movable cover, slide for an opening
Exposure: the act of exposing 
F-Stop: the setting of an adjustable lens aperture, as indicated by an f number.
Single lens reflex- is a camera that typicaly uses a semi-automatic moving mirror system that permits the photogragher to see exactly what will be captured by the film or digital imaging system (after a very small delay), as opposed to pre-SLR cameras where the veiw through the veiwfinder could be significantly different from what was captured on film.
Negative- Film for 35 mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical-coated plastic or cellulose acetate.
Positive- is a film or paper record of a scene that represents the color and luminances (as near as the medium will allow).  
Contact sheet- is a photographic image produced from film: sometimes a film negative; sometimes a film positive.
Agitation- The air bubbles that usually occur when dry film is immersed in a solution can be removed without harmful effects in the predevelopment water rinse.
Enlarger- is a specialized transparency projector used to produce photographic prints from film or glass negatives using the gelitain-silver process, or transparencies.
Stop bath- is a chemical bath usually used in processing traditional black-and-white photographic films, plates and paper used after the material has finished developing.

Depth of Field: the range of distances along the axis of an optical instrument, usually a camera lens, through which an object will produce a relatively distinct image.
Focal Length: the distance from a focal point of a lens or mirror to the corresponding principal plane.
Fixer- is a chemical used in the final step in the photograghic processing of film or paper.
Safe light- is a light source suitable for use in a photograghic darkroom.
Burning- increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker.
Dodging- decreases the exposure for areas of the print that the photogragher wishes to be lighter.

Print Evaluation- My First Print

 

1. Is anything is sharp focus?
a. What is not is sharp focus is the guy closest to the camera. The things most in focus are the people in the very back
b. The guy close to the camera is not in focus because he was too close to the camera and if i would of made it to focus him, the people in the back would have not been in focus

2. there is good contrast in the photo, you can see good black and good white in the photo

3. my picture did not have any of the photo compositions, i had no subject. the way i will correct it next time will be to make sure i have one specific subject and make sure they are in focus, i will also not go to the portables because the lighting sucks over there. also i will make sure the lighting is right and i will get close to the subject.

4. no there is no yellowing at all

5. there are no ring prints

6. all are in the right folder.

Caption: John is listening to coach lindsey talk about dreams while in class out in the portables.

Abandoned Theme Parks

Of all the abandoned theme park i think the one i would like to visit and photograph would be the one located in Takakanonuma Greenland, Hobara, Japan.  The park has a very creepy, foggy, and haunted look to it.  This caught my attention because it seems like the perfect set for a horror film, it really looks haunted and abandoned. Its rusty, foggy, wet, broken down, and has those creepy wax figures everywhere.

Takakanonuma

• Haunted New Jersey Psychiatric Hospital
• Niagra Falls
• Denbigh Asylum
• Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans
• Alcatraz

Denbigh Asylum - By: Shepy

 I think it would be fun to photograph the Denbigh Asylum because I am a very big fan of haunted and spooky places, so this place definitely caught my attention.  The fact that it is an abandoned mental institution in Britain just makes everything even creepier and more interesting, knowing that this massive building house thousands of mentally ill people who received harsh treatment and care just gives the place a very negative energy and vibe flowing through every corridor.  I would like to capture photos from inside the rooms of a few individual patients to try and see their point of view of the institution.

In order for me to actually visit and photograph this location I would first off have to catch a flight to Britain.  Find a hotel for my partners and I who i will take with me to the Aslyum because being there alone would not be fun because its an experience that should happen within a group of people.  I would give everyone a camera and try and make myself one of the patients of the institution and try and get shots from what there point of view might have been and told my partners to do the same.  Before hand of course i would have to get permission of the current owner of the building or land where the building is located.

Choice Sheet

If I had to choose from journalism, newspaper or yearbook, I would pick yearbook.  My reasoning for this decision would be because I plan on being a cheerleader again and I want the cheer page in the yearbook to be creative and interesting to look at (if I could be one of the people in charge of that particular page).  What made me want to do this is cheering and having my picture taken by some of the yearbook photographers. Also, I've seen some past cheerleading pages and have grown interest in creating a memorable page for my senior year.

Ethics in Fashion Photography

The changes that were made to the model's face include:

• excessive makeup is applied
• eye brows were made darker
• lipgloss/ lipstick is applied
• fake eye lashes are applied
• lips are made fuller
• neck is made longer and thinner
• eyes are lowered
• eyes are made bigger

In my personal opinion, it is unethical to change to change a persons appearance. When people look at advertisements on billboards, they see a perfect looking person.  Realistically, we look at the product that is being promoted and think "hmm.. if I use that, will I look more attractive?" What we all don't know is that those people up in those pictures, the "flawless" models they use, are actually having a lot of work done to their appearance by computer and makeup artists.  This is wrong to do because the advertisers are basically lying about what their product "can do" and just making people spend their money on products that are no better than the some generic brands.

There are circumstances where this kind of photo manipulation would be more ethically wrong. They made an entire different looking woman. People base their definition of beauty on advertisements they see around and they are basing these views on people who are being photoshopped and altered drastically. No one is perfect like the girl in the picture.

The types of changes made that were ok was the makeup applied. It was obvious that make up was put on the model. The change that was not ok was when changes were made to the eyes, neck, hair and lips by photoshop.  I noticed a very big change in the models appearance when photoshop made the models eyes bigger. The change made her look totally different.

The differences between photojournalism and fashion photography is photojournalism deals with a variety of subjects and aspects of life, fashion photography just deals with makeup, clothes and shoes, basically just one's appearance to make money from the consumers.

Photojournalism is reality. It shows whats going on in the world rather than telling about it. It always should be true, untouched by editing.

Negatives Evaluation

From looking at my negatives, I think 5 out of 13 came out good.

I think 6 of my photos turned out bad because of too much exposure, not enough exposure and bad focus.

I think the photo that will turn out best when developed is the picture where all the students look like they're working productively because I used the rule of thirds and the focus looks really well in that one. Also, because i took the picture from a distance and avoided mergers.

The technical aspects present in my best negative would be good focus, good lighting, rule of thirds and I took it from a good distance.  You can tell from a negative if the focus is bad or not, in this negative you can see the subjects clearly.  I could tell there was good lighting because the negative wasn't too dark or light.  And in the negative, you can see that my subjects are more drawn to one corner.

The advance composition techniques that are present in my favorite photo are rule of thirds, lighting and view.

Photo Manipulation and Ethics

Many people in the past have been fired due to photo manipulating, which lets the reader know how serious this action is taken. When a photo is manipulated with and then published, the viewer sees something that is almost all false.


In my personal opinion, I believe photo manipulation has its limits. When a published manipulation goes into for example the Austin American Statesman, and the change is not stated, its unethical because what people see is going to be believed by the reader. In a major important source like the newspaper, majority of the readers believe think what they are reading and that the pictures shown are legit. The only way that manipulation of a photo is acceptable is when the photo is not being published into a source such as a newspaper or maybe even a non fictional book.

 This picture was the most unethical in my opinion because the manipulator put the black student in this picture when he really wasn't there at that exact event. Knowing what change was made shows me that there really are not many black people that go to this school, and for them to have to crop someone into the photo is not right. The photographer should have taken a more diverse photo.

Drug Cartels in Mexico

This story is very interesting and has a lot of information on delirious events that happen and are discovered in the drug cartels in Mexico. The day they found the abandon car with all doors open and trunk open with a body wrapped in the back and a bullet in the head was shocking because how far they go in the drug business to hide someone or how they kill someone. The drug cartel in Mexico seems really bad and hard to stop there wont be a end to it any time soon with all the stuff that goes on in Mexico's drug cartel.

My favorite photo was the one of the old woman in the casket, all around her looks as though it is still and quiet.it looks as though the photographer took into consideration depth and lighting, maybe even a framing technique. Its my favorite because of the simplicity of it there is the woman, the casket, a couple flowers, though the whole picture makes up a big statement. 

Making a Black & White Print

materials:

Timer

Drying Cabinets
Tongs or Spatula
Enlargers
Focusing Aids
Safe lights

 

chemicals:

Developer
Stop bath
Fixer&bleach fixer
Stabilizers
Toners

Summary:

First you get your roll of film and take it to the darkroom. Then you get goggles on before you go near the chemicals. After you put your goggles on wait for the teacher's instructions and see what your supposed to do next. You have 4 different chemicals to go through. After you go through your procedures you are done and you just wait until you finish your whole print.

1. emulsion-and colloidal suspension of a liquid in another liquid
2. aperture-an opening, as a hole, slit, crack, gap
3. masking easel- 
4. exposure- amount of light being exposed
5. safe light- a dark room light with a filter that transmits only those rays of the spectrum to which films, printing paper are not sensitive
6. dodging- to shade from exposure for a period, while exposing the remainder of the print in order to lighten or eliminate the area
7. burning-

Post Shoot Reflection

The challenges that I had to encounter the most was trying to get the perfect lighting and the perfect angle of my subject.  What I did to get these things how I wanted them was either I moved the camera up or down depending on what the green bar on the side did.  And for the perfect angle I moved either closer or further away from my subject.

The technical aspects that I was thinking about the most was the Rule of thirds and the focus of the photo. I always tried to get the best focus on my subject by adjusting it.

Trying to use the rule of thirds, I tried not to catch the photo with my subject directly in the center. So what I did was try to put them in the bottom corner with some kind of scene filling in the rest of the photo.

Something different that I would try next time would be to get a closer photo of my subject. I caught most of my photos from a distance.

Processing Black and White Photos

Materials:
A metal or plastic film tank w/ cover 

Three dark plastic containers to hold chemistry 

Graduates (used to measure chemicals) 

A darkroom timer 

A can opener 

A room that is totally light proof (not even the slightest sliver of light should be visible). 

Developer

film 

film cassette

       

Chemicals: 

Glacial Acetic Acid (optional, for Stop Bath) 

Fixer (Kodak Rapid Fixer with Hardener is highly recommended) 

Hypo Eliminator 

Process: 

1.In the dark room, take out the film from the cassette, and pull the flat end off the 35mm canister with the can opener. Peel off the tape that connects and unwind the film and remove the end of the film from the spool. 

2.Load the film onto the film reel. If using plastic,slide one end of the film into the slot on the outer edge of the reel and "walk" the film in until it is loaded. Metal uses a higher degree of dexterity, which might not be the best when you're standing in the dark trying to get your shots onto the reel.  

Following the instructions that come with the tank, practice loading a few times with a roll (that you're not gonna use for the real thing) in daylight so you can see and get kind of used to doing this in the dark. Once you feel competent in daylight, close your eyes and try it. 

The first roll you actually try to develop should not have important material on it, just in case things don't quite work out.

3.Put the loaded reel in the film tank and cover as directed. The film is now in a light tight container so you can turn the light on.   

4.Make sure the temperature of the chemicals are carefully controlled. Development time is affected by two things which is the speed of the film and the temperature of the developer.

Most film is processed between 65 and 75 degrees. Higher temperatures could lead to a net like look, which gives film a coarse, overly-grainy appearance. 
5.Pour developer into the open part of the sealed film tank and cover it. Don't open the tank itself. To keep fresh chemical on the film surface, the process of shaking is necessary throughout the process. To do so, turn the tank upside down once a minute. When it is upright again, tap it several times against your work surface to remove any air bubbles that might form on the film during agitation.
Develop film for the time recommended on the packaging. When done, take the lid off the tank's pour spout and pour it out.
6.Pour running water into the pour spout for one minute to stop development. Alternatively, mix a small amount of glacial Acetic Acid with water (a 1:30 ratio) and let the film sit in that for 30 seconds to wash off the developer. 
7.Fixing takes 5-10 minutes. Be sure to use a fixer with hardener, since that will help the negative from getting easily scratched. Even thought you should wait until everything is finished, you could inspect the negatives at the end of fixing time.
8.Remove the tank cover completely, since you don't have to worry about exposing the film to light, and let the film sit in cold running water for five minutes. Inspect it and make sure your negatives are there.
9.Now you need to remove all traces of the fixer to keep white stains appearing on the negatives. Pour in a tankful of Hypo Eliminator and shake for two minutes.
10.Wash for five minutes.
11.Carefully pull the film out of the tank. Don't touch the surface. Hang the film to dry using wash pins or film clips.
12.In about 1-2 hours, the film will be dry. Use scissors to cut (in the space between images) the film into 6 long strips. Store the negatives in clear glassine envelopes or PVC plastic negative pages.

Definitions:
    Contact sheet:   developed roll of negative print film
    Agittaion:    process of shaking or moving briskly
    Enlarger:    an apparatus used for making projection prints
    Developer:    a reducing agent or solution for developing a film or the like
    Stop bath:    an acid that or rinse for stopping the action of developer before fixing a negative or print
    Fixer:    fixative

 

 

         
 
          

Repetition

A table football game using Barbie dolls is displayed at the International Design Festival in Berlin.

In this photo, the Barbies are nicely repeated and alternating with color and sides (pink & white, front & back) easily leading the eyes to notice the repetition.

Turkish marines train during a military exercise in Izmir, Turkey.

 Repetition, in this picture occurs in the boats and the waves they make.  The first thing I noticed were the white waves which lead my eyes to the boat in which it is coming from, so I'm guessing most people noticed it in the same way.

Funny Captions

A Home Owners Association member opposes drinking and driving, in addition, they decide to put this on their tree. Last year on Halloween, her son was hit an nearly killed by a drunk driver so the sign was put up as a reminder to not drink and drive/fly.

 

 This firefighter is having a tough time trying to put out this forest fire. So after 30 he decided to sit and take a rest while he still tries to finish the job.

Tom goes to what used to be, Johnston High, today he decided to ride his bike to school since he was running late, he got to school and connected the wheel and the pole with a lock.  After school, he was gonna go home, but to find only the wheel still there he had to walk.

American Soldier

The most powerful picture to me would have to be the chapter 5, 19th photo. This picture is very simple and it makes the subject stand out well. I think this picture is great even though it's unbalanced, the army men look superior and strong. great picture.

In my opinion, chapter one is a strong sequence of photos since it shows the soldier enlisting in the army and you can see the emotion not only in his eyes but also the relatives that are there showing support. Since these are real photos, you get a real outlook of what leaving to the army right after high school looks like.

These images show the main points of Ian's life and they tell a story because the images come right after the other. Every picture tells a piece of the whole story, but these pictures in the sequence go very well together.  They all fit perfectly and there's so much emotion in each picture. It seems like they show his life in a sequence of photos and audio.

Most of the verbs are written in present tense.
The captions make a better understanding of the photos because they say what the picture is showing. They also give you some insight and what Ian is saying or thinking at the time. The captions also tell what the picture does not show, for instance, what happens after or right before the picture.

1. Chapter 8: Coming Home
Picture #18.
Ian Fisher toasts with his friends Jonathan and Harvey on the night he gets home from Iraq while his girlfriend, Jenny, is in the background just watching. This is the first time Ian has seen Johnathan and Harvey in over a year and they toast to making more memories and having more fun times just like the good ol' days.
2. Chapter 2: In The Army
Picture #6.
Ian Fisher closes his eyes and reminisces while he is getting his hair shaved his third day in the army. Ian has had his head shaved multiple so this is no big deal for him.
3. Chapter 5: Army Blues
Picture #24.
Ian's dad, Mark, wakes him up for his big day to go to Basic Training in Little Rock, Arkansas. Ian's mother was in the kitchen cooking him up a good breakfast for his last day at home.
These videos make the photographs better since they give a detailed description about the photos and you can hear the emotion in the voices and the background music just enhances the sadness.
Videos with audio and captions are sometimes better than  just the photograph itself because you don't have to to try to figure out whats happening in the picture, videos just tell and show you everything. They use sound along with sight to tell a story, whereas pictures just use sight. An example would be the Video Chapter 2-First Days and Second Thoughts video.
I think videos are much better than photos by themselves because with photographs you can see the emotion but in videos not only can you see it but you can also hear it. Videos help comprehend the story the photos are trying to tell since you can hear many different points of the story.

Show & Tell

Amy’s Ice Cream Man Joe Morris
I found this video most interesting to me because I love Amy's Ice Cream, literally LOVE.   I enjoyed listening to what Morris talked about: ice cream flavor ideas, about the people in the workplace, enjoyment of the ice cream, etc.

(not finished)

Contest Preview

I love how this photo's main focus is on the flower.  This can tell many stories, maybe someone died here, or maybe this is where a young couple went just to be adventurous and the boy gave the girl this flower.  Whatever the reason of this picture, it also has some of the rules of photography included such as: Rule of thirds, lines, depth & viewpoints.  The way the light hits the picture is perfect, it hits the railing of the tracks and as you can see the sun makes it shine, allowing the flower to stand out. All of these things make the photo interesting to look at.

Marlboro Marine

skill: the music playing went along very well with the pictures taken. There was also good sound effects that went well with objects in the slide show.. The text was from the persons point of view which i really like because he was actually there to tell the facts that he knew. At the end when he was explaining how the man had a good ending

effect: to show you how Iraq or any war could effect a person. The pictures from the war added a lot of power to this slide show because it showed how bad the conditions could be toward anything it added a lot of effect and emotion.

most powerful image:I think the most powerful image is when you see the guy wounded and the soldiers trying to help the guy in the most helpful way they can it shows how many people die and have severe injuries going trough this war experience.
most powerful sequence: In my opinion, the most powerful part in this piece was when Blake was having suicidal thought. I found that really sad especially when he didn't understand how he was still alive and why.  Then he started to think that he didn't deserve his wife, which is just so upsetting.
enhancing: The audio makes the photograph more meaningful in a way that makes you feel like the sadness and understand why one would feel so depressed after going through what Blake did.

working together:The images work together to make a story about a mans life and how war could effect the rest of your life. Also how he wanted to talk to people about his suicidal thoughts but got over them and just certain photos of his everyday life after the war.

Great Black&White Photographers part3

Brassai

OBELISK AND FOUNTAINS

What caught my eye the most is the scene of this photo.  Its so elegant and perfect, something you'd imagine the perfect world to be like.  The statues are placed so nicely in the photo, its almost like you're looking out of a window and just take a picture.  It has so much detail,  everything fits in perfectly.  I love how it looks like this picture was taken at night when lights are on in the fountain and you can see the water spraying.

NOTRE DAME

In this picture i see a shadow of what looks like a castle and what is most likely Notre Dame. A big building across the street from the castle-like figure. I see empty roads going different directions and lights lighting the dark streets.

I smell the wetness outside when it rained yesterday.  I also smell the coolness coming in for the season. The fresh French bread coming from the towns bakery dominates all smells.   

I hear the sound of one car driving through the town alone.  I hear a sleeping city at midnight. I hear almost nothing but myself breathing.

I taste the mist in the air from the rain.
I feel a little cold, wish I was wearing a jacket or a raincoat for the misty weather.  I also feel scared to be here alone at night, somewhere unfamiliar.

PLACE DE LA CONCORDE

In this photo i see bright lights everywhere and the reflection of them in the water.  I also see, what I'm very sure is the Eiffel Tower. I see bridges and street lights.
I smell the water from the lake or whatever that body of water is.  I smell traffic and cars.
I hear all the cars honking and also the sound of them driving in rain.
I feel relaxed where I am. Also entertained by the city lights in the night.

photography

The Story

This picture easily tells the person looking at the photo a story.  The main subject is wearing rain boots, obviously that must mean its raining.  As you can see, she is also conducting a band on what looks like a football field. So put all this together and you get a rainy half time show.

Action & Emotion

 

 This photo shows action and emotion as a whole.  Most of the children are looking at the reader which shows interest.  And the attention is drawn to the reader in which he is obviously showing the children a picture and they seem to enjoy it.

Filling the Frame

  

 This photo perfectly fills the frame.  There is detail in every inch of this picture.  The subject of the picture is drawing which draws attentions to what he is drawing.  Then after you look at the very detailed picture he is drawing, makes you want to look at every detail of the whole photo.

Hurricane Ike

This is a good picture because it uses many of the rules of photography.  It used viewpoint, rule of thirds, lines, balancing, and patterns.  Viewpoint is by the height at which this picture is taken. Rule of thirds is used by having the grouped houses in two of the bottom thirds. The houses are in rows which shows lines and also patterns. And finally, balancing is used by having alsmost the same exact thing on both sides of the picture if you cut it in half vertically. It has many simple details in this photograph.

This picture is also very detailed. The rules of photography this picture shows are rule of thirds, depth, viewpoint, framing and lines.  The dock shown in the photo is in the rule of thirds, as you see the main part is in the lower right point (if you actually divide the picture in thirds and find the four points). Depth is used by taking a picture of the shore with the city and it goes waaay back.  Viewpoint is used by the height and view of this photo.  The long road, almost in the middle of the picture horizontally, frames the city.  Finally, lines are shown in the picture with the roads going vertically towards the city.

Brassai

Brassai-Gyula Halász

 

Brassai was born in Southeast Transylvania, Austria-Hungary in 1889. He and his family moved to Paris for a year while his father taught as a professor. He studied painting and sculpture in Budapest, then joined the Austro-Hungarian army and served until the end of WWI. In 1920 he went to Berlin where he worked as a journalist and also studied painting and sculpture there. In 1924 he officially moved back to Paris and became a journalist there, he also taught himself French by reading the work of Marcel Proust. His interest in photography came by his wonder in the city late at night. 

Gyula got the nickname "Brassai" meaning "from Brasso"

In 1933, Brassai published his first book of photographs titles "Paris by Night" (but in French of course). His work was "the eye of paris". He became famous from his work of photography.

 

 

Differences?

The differences i see are:

• picture is flipped completely over 
• where the picture was white is now black & vise versa

Negative Photography:

Noting an image in which the brightness values of the subject are reproduced so that the lightest areas are shown as the darkest.

 

Bending:

Light rays adjust direction as they go from air into a sphere shaped container, and they change again when they exit the container and enter air. 

 

Walker Evans

Brassai

Imogen Cunningham

Avoiding Mergers

 

This is a good example of a merger because as you see on the far left of the picture, there is a person cut out. If the person was not cut out then it would of been a perfect picture. You can see all the people's faces (in the picture) and you can tell that they are all paying attention to one subject.

Framing

This picture is a good example of framing. It is taken from far away so the ocean and most of New York City is included.  This is a good picture because there is a lot of detail, especially the fact that it includes the smoke from when the twin towers were hit.

Balance

 

This picture is a good example of balance.  You can see that the picture is kind of smoky looking compared to the other pictures where they look clear.  This picture is also a little dark looking, probably caused by the type of camera.

The Rule of the Thirds

This picture is a good example of The Rule of the Thirds.  As you see, the people included in the picture are on the bottom of the picture.  The photographer meant to have all the smoke and the papers on the ground included.  So using the rule of the thirds, the photographer has the subjects in the bottom section (when divided into the thirds).

Simplicity

 

This picture is an example of simplicity since taking a picture of this one man is so simple yet has so much detail at the same time.  This looks like an easy picture because its just one man, not much of a background and its a body shot.

Lines

 

This picture is a good example of lines.  As you can see, the lines on the World Trade Center are not parallel with the framing of this photo.  If the photo was taken with the line perfectly straight when you look at the photo, this would not be a too interesting photo to look at.  The direction of the lines has a lot to do with the appearance of the photograph. 

Aperture: an opening; as a hole; slit
Shutter: a movable cover, slide for an opening
Exposure: the act of exposing
Depth of Field: the range of distances along the axis of an optical instrument, usually a camera lens, through which an object will produce a relatively distinct image.
F-Stop: the setting of an adjustable lens aperture, as indicated by an f number.
Focal Length: the distance from a focal point of a lens or mirror to the corresponding principal plane.
Pellicle: a thin, partially reflective coating, as on a beam splitter.

Dark Room: a room in which film or the like is made, handled, or developed and from which the actinic rays of light are excluded.

Range Finder: any of various instruments for determining the distance from the observer to a particular object, as for sighting a gun or adjusting the focus of a camera.

Focal Plane: a plane through a focal point and normal to the axis of a lens, mirror, or other optical system.